Supreme Court will wade back into abortion debate

WASHINGTON — The Supreme Court agreed Friday to re-enter the national debate over abortion.

The justices will decide whether tough new restrictions placed on abortion clinics and doctors in Texas constitute an "undue burden" on women seeking legal abortions and should be struck down.

The restrictions — forcing doctors to have admitting privileges at nearby hospitals and requiring clinics to meet standards for outpatient surgery centers — threaten to leave the state with only 10 clinics clustered in four population centers and along the Mexican border. A similar law in Mississippi threatens to close that state's lone abortion clinic.

Whatever the justices decide next year will help clarify the court's 1992 ruling in Planned Parenthood v. Casey, when a deeply divided court upheld the right to abortion while letting states impose restrictions that do not block women from obtaining services. The case is expected to be heard in March and decided in June.

"This is an historic moment," said Nancy Northup, president of the Center for Reproductive Rights, which filed the lawsuit on behalf of several abortion clinics. "This will be the most important abortion rights case before the Supreme Court in almost 25 years,"

"It's overdue," said Steven Aden, senior counsel with Alliance Defending Freedom, which has submitted briefs on behalf of several states in the legal battle. “The Casey standard is unworkable and was ill-designed to begin with. We have more litigation now over the meaning of the Casey standard than we’ve ever had."

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Abortion rights groups hailed Friday's decision, perhaps made more notable because the justices granted only the abortion clinics' challenge to the Texas law and not the state of Mississippi's challenge to a lower court ruling striking down its law.

“No one should be denied safe and compassionate care based on their zip code, but that’s exactly what this law does," said Amy Hagstrom-Miller, president of Whole Woman's Health, the lead plaintiff in the case. "It was designed to close clinics. It was never about women’s health.”

Jessica González-Rojas, executive director of the National Latina Institute for Reproductive Health, said the case is particularly important to Hispanics who make up 40% of all Texas women and are twice as likely to experience unintended pregnancies.

Abortion rights opponents also applauded the high court's decision to take the case and clarify its 1992 ruling. “Abortion advocates often equate access to abortion with women’s health, but sadly are willing to lower the bar on abortion clinic standards,” said Jeanne Mancini, president of the March for Life Education & Defense Fund. “Duly elected Texas legislators spoke strongly when they moved to protect women and save lives.”

The case further enlivens what started out as a sleepy Supreme Court term but now includes another case testing the Affordable Care Act's so-called "contraception mandate" and could further expand to take on a thus-far successful challenge to President Obama's executive order on immigration. The court also will hear cases on racial preferences in college admissions, voting rights, political redistricting and public union representation.

By clearing up the ambiguity left by the 1992 ruling, which said states can impose restrictions that do not constitute an "undue burden," the justices could serve notice to lower courts across the country and hand a victory to one side or the other in a debate that has raged since their Roe v. Wade decision legalized abortion in 1973.

Emboldened by the court's most recent action on abortion — its 2007 ruling that upheld bans on "partial-birth," or late-term, abortions — state legislatures have enacted hundreds of restrictions in recent years. They range from 24-hour waiting periods and parental notification laws, mostly upheld by lower courts, to bans on abortion after six or 12 weeks, which courts have blocked.

“The politics of this has always been to push the court more and more to give deference to state legislators to restrict abortion rights,” said Kathryn Kolbert, director of the Athena Center for Leadership Studies at Barnard College, who argued the 1992 case before the court on behalf of Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania.

At the same time, the number of abortions in the USA has dropped steadily, from more than 1.5 million in 1992 to slightly more than 1 million in 2011. That marked the lowest rate of abortions for women ages 15-44 since 1973.

The result of the laws and lawsuits is a growing disparity among states. California had 160 abortion clinics in 2011 and New York nearly 100, according to the Guttmacher Institute. The Texas law, passed in 2013, forced more than half the state's 44 clinics to close, and more are threatened by the latest appeals court decision. Wyoming has no abortion clinics. Mississippi, North Dakota and South Dakota each have one.

The Supreme Court has refused to re-enter the debate since 2007, turning away four efforts in the past two years by Arizona (twice), North Carolina and Wisconsin to appeal lower court rulings striking down abortion bans or restrictions on medication abortions, admitting privileges and mandatory ultrasound tests.

Now, however, the Texas case has created a split among lower courts on how the Casey standard applies to doctors' admitting privileges and clinics' operating standards. Ten states have laws restricting doctors, and six have laws concerning operating standards, but courts have blocked several of them from taking effect based on the Casey standard.

"Like so many Supreme Court decisions, it's subject to interpretation," said Neal Devins, a William & Mary law school professor who has written on the subject. For years, state legislatures focused on restrictions such as requiring parental consent and waiting periods, he said, but more recently Republican legislatures have been "going well beyond the template of laws that Pennsylvania had enacted and Casey had approved.”

Coincidentally, the issue will play out during next year's presidential election, just as it did in 1992. Then, the focus on abortion rights and restrictions helped Bill Clinton against President George H.W. Bush, polls and studies suggest. The latest Gallup polls show 80% support for legal abortion in at least some circumstances, so a renewed focus could help Democrats next year.

The court itself also has changed. No women served there in 1973, when Roe v. Wade was decided. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor helped craft what came to be known as the "Casey compromise" in 1992. This time, three women — Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan — will join the debate.

Justice Samuel Alito's role also will be notable, because he served on the federal appeals court that upheld Pennsylvania's abortion restrictions before the case was appealed to the Supreme Court. He found no fault with any of the restrictions — even the one struck down by the appeals court majority that called for spousal notification.

But the case, like those before it, most likely will be decided by Justice Anthony Kennedy. He joined the plurality that concocted the undue burden standard in 1992 and is the only one in the majority then who remains on the bench. He was the deciding vote in allowing states to ban late-term abortions.

"I think it's up to Kennedy," said Priscilla Smith, a senior fellow at Yale Law School who lost that case in 2007 by a 5-4 vote. Noting almost a decade has passed since then, she said, "I don't think Kennedy ever wants to take an abortion case if he can avoid it."

John Eastman, a conservative law professor at Chapman University in California, said the  controversy over Planned Parenthood's use of fetal tissue from abortions could help sway Kennedy again. The justices, he said, pay attention to current events "because they know their decisions have to find some support in the real world."

The Texas law requires abortion clinics to employ doctors who have admitting privileges at nearby hospitals and to meet the same standards as ambulatory surgical centers. The state said it is intended to "improve the health and safety of women" while leaving at least one clinic operating in every population center — though if it is upheld, the Rio Grande Valley would see reduced services, and El Paso residents would have to get abortions in New Mexico.

"There is no evidence that women will experience any materially different travel distances to obtain an abortion," the state contended in its brief opposing a Supreme Court decision to hear the case.

The law's challengers claimed the restrictions are meant to limit abortions rather than improve women's health and would force all but 10 clinics to close in a state where about 60,000 women seek abortions annually. As a result, some women in west Texas would have to drive more than 250 miles.

"Women unable to make the trip to one of the remaining clinics are left with only two options: carry an unwanted pregnancy to term or attempt an illegal abortion," their reply brief said.

Federal appeals court backs strict Texas abortion law

The challengers lost the first round in court, after which the number of clinics dropped from 44 to 19. If the ruling by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit is allowed to stand, an additional nine clinics would close, including the only one in West Texas. The court would let the lone clinic in the Rio Grande Valley remain open but with greatly reduced services. Waiting lines would grow in Houston, Austin, San Antonio and the Dallas-Fort Worth region.

The Supreme Court had blocked the law from taking effect while appeals continued, most recently in June by a 5-4 vote in which the court's most conservative justices dissented. That makes the legal battle lines clear.

Supreme Court blocks enforcement of Texas anti-abortion law

“Part of what each side is counting on is getting Justice Kennedy," said Michael Dorf, a professor at Cornell Law School who clerked for Kennedy in 1992, when Casey was decided. "Both sides think in a perfect world that the court would move much farther — in opposite directions."

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